Different Type of Fluids in Your Vehicle

Your car is essentially an assembly of mechanical systems and complex machinery operating in unison to propel itself, and you, on the road. These mechanical systems and machinery depend on various types of fluid, which allow these systems to operate properly. Without these fluids, these systems will fail quickly.

Fluid categories:

Every system in your car demands different kind of lubricant properties so there are different kind of fluids like Engine Oil, Engine Coolant, Transmission Fluid, Brake Fluid, Differential Fluid, Power Steering Fluid, Hydraulic Clutch Fluid, Window Washer Fluid.

Work of Fluid:

  Engine Oil: It lubricates and cools the internal workings of your engine such as bearings, pistons, valves, timing chains, gears, pumps, seals and more.

 Engine Coolant: It lubricates the water pump, cools the engine and provides heating fluid to the climate control system.

 Transmission Fluid: It lubricates and cools the internal workings of your transmission including gears, bearings, valves, pumps, seals and more.

 Brake Fluid: It lubricates brake valves, pistons and antilock braking system. Provides hydraulic pressure to power the braking system.

 Differential Fluid: It lubricates and cools the internal workings of your rear differential including gears, bearings, seals and more.

 Power Steering Fluid: It lubricates and cools the power steering pump, valves, steering gear box, seals and more.

 Hydraulic Clutch Fluid: It provides hydraulic pressure which engages and disengages the transmission clutch system.

 Window Washer Fluid: It provides a non-freezing cleaning solution for the windshield and headlights.

Human Comfort/Human Comfort Conditions

Human comfort can be defined as that condition of mind which express satisfaction with the thermal environment.

Thermal Exchange of human body:

•  The human body like any other machines works best at a   certain temperature, it can not tolerate a wide range of   temperature. To maintain that temperature human body uses three different modes of heat transformation:

1.  Evaporation
2.  Convection
3.  Radiation

•  A human body feels comfortable when the heat produced     by metabolism of human body is equal to the sum of the   heat dissipated to the surrounding and the heat stored in   human body by raising the temperature of body tissues. It   can be written as:

QM - W = QE ± QR ± QC ± QS

• Here, Qm is metabolic heat produced by body,W is rate of working, Qm-W is heat dissipated to atmosphere,Qe is heat loss by evaporation, Qr is heat gain or loss by radiation, Qc is heat loss or gain by convection, Qs is heat stored in body.

• The metabolic heat produced depends upon the rate of food energy consumption in the body. A fasting, weaker or sick man will have less metabolic heat production.

• The heat loss by evaporation is always positive. It depends upon the vapour pressure difference between skin surface and surrounding air.

• Qe becomes zero, when the surrounding air temperature is equal to the skin temperature. It cannot be negative because if the surrounding temperature is less than the skin temperature then skin do not absorb moisture from surrounding atmosphere.

• The heat loss or gain by radiation (Qr) depends upon the mean radiant temperature. When mean radiant temperature is lower than the dry bulb temperature of air in the room, Qr is positive i.e. the body will undergo a radiant heat loss and vice-versa.

• Mean radiant temperature is the average surface temperature of surrounding objects, when properly weighted and varies from place to place inside the room.

• The heat loss by convection (Qc) is positive when the temperature of surrounding is lower then the temperature of body i.e. the heat will be lost by the body and vice-versa.

• When Qe,Qr,Qc are high and positive and their sum is greater than (Qm - W), then heat stored in body is negative i.e. the body temperature falls down and the person feels cold.

• A men gets fever when high internal body activities increase Qm  to such extent so that Qs become positive for the given Qe,Qr and Qc.

• The ambient temperature for human body is 37℃ (at Qs=0). If the temperature of human body falls below 36.5℃ or rise above 40.5℃ it is dangerous.

• To maintain this ambient temperature human body uses two mechanisms:

1. Vasomotor Control : This control regulates the blood supply to the skin. When the human body temperature rises, then the vasomotor control increases blood circulation which increases conductivity of tissue. When the body temperature is falling down the vasomotor control decreases the circulation of blood which decreases the conductivity of cell.
2. Sudomotor Control : This control regulates sweat production, whenever heat loss by Qr and Qc is negative due to high atmospheric temperature then only way to control body temperature or heat transfer is evaporation.

Physiological hazards from Heat: 

• In summer the surrounding temperature is always higher than human body temperature because of this the human body gain heat from surrounding by means of radiation and convection. Now, human body can release heat only by means of evaporation of sweat. When this system is unable to cope with the heat gain, several physiological hazards can occur.

1. Heat Exhaustion: It is due to failure of normal blood circulation. The symptoms of heat exhaustion are headache, fatigue, vomiting, dizziness and abnormal mental reactions such as irritability. It does not cause any permanent damage and body rapidly recovers when person is placed in cool place.
2. Heat Cramp: It results because loss of salt due to an excessive rate of perspiration. It causes pain in calf and thin muscle. It can be avoid by taking salt tablets.
3. Heat Stroke: When the body temperature is rise above 40.5℃, it causes heat stroke and can leave permanent damage to brain or the person may enter in coma with imminent death. To avoid such condition, drink water at frequent intervals and rest at a cool place.
   

 Source: 1) A textbook of Refrigeration and Air conditioning by R.S.Khurmi & J.K.Gupta
              2) Refrigeration and Air conditioning by R.K.Rajput.

It's all about Drive Trains

Drivetrains:

It is the group of components which delivers engine power to the driving wheels.

The components of a drivetrain are Engine, Transmission, Drive/Propeller shaft, Differential,Drive axle, Transaxle.

Types of Drivetrains:

There are four types of drivetrains 

1. Rear-wheel Drive
2. Front-wheel Drive
3. All-wheel Drive
4. Four-wheel Drive

Rear-wheel drive:

• A rear-wheel drive system relies on the rear wheels to deliver the power. 
• RWD is commonly found on trucks and performance vehicles, it gives needed traction with heavy loads and optimal handling on performance cars.
• Drawback of rear-wheel drive is reduced traction on slippery roads; this might not be ideal for snowy climate.

Advantages:

• Superior handling.
• Exceptional braking.
• Quick initial acceleration.
• Excellent for performance driving.

Disadvantages:

• Not ideal for winter weather – poor traction in snow and ice.
• Traction on wet roads not as good as FWD.

Front-wheel drive:

• The majority of vehicles on the road today are using front-wheel drive system. In this system, the front wheels provide the power. 
• All of the drivetrain components are located in the front of the vehicle which increases traction in the front wheels.
• Vehicles with front-wheel drive are typically lighter, helping to improve gas mileage.

Advantages:

• Fewer parts mean lower purchase price and repair bills.
• Lighter weight helps vehicle achieve better gas mileage.
• Better traction than rear-wheel drive.
• With most of weight over front wheels, it’s balanced for traction.
• Less aggressive handling is good for new and cautious drivers.

Disadvantages:

• Not as effective in low-traction situations like gravel and ice
• Nose heavy makes it harder to handle in high speeds or with heavy loads.
• Can cause understeer where front wheels lose traction and car drifts outside of the turn.

Four-wheel drive:

• A four-wheel drive system have two drive shafts and a transfer case to deliver power to all four wheels. Today’s 4WD systems are either full-time or part-time.
• In a full-time system, the vehicle automatically switches between two-wheel and four-wheel drive while a part-time system requires the driver to manually engage the four-wheel drive system.

Advantages:

• Excellent for towing trailers or big loads.
• Ideal for serious off-roading, crawling over rocks and moving through mud.
• Powers through deep snow.
• Delivers the traction needed for climbing hills.

Disadvantages:

• More expensive than FWD and RWD due to extra parts.
• Lower gas mileage due to heavier drivetrain system.
• Have to remember to engage it in a part-time system.

 

All-wheel drive:

• AWD delivers power to all four wheels. Most all-wheel drive systems are always on, using sensors to determine which wheel needs power.
• However, be aware that systems vary and some all-wheel drive setups stay in two-wheel drive most of the time and only go into all-wheel drive mode when the sensors detect the vehicle is losing traction.

Advantages:

• Better acceleration.
• Improved traction in snow and on wet roads.
• Always on – don’t have to think about engaging the system.

Disadvantages:

• More expensive with more parts than FWD and RWD.
• Worse gas mileage due to vehicle being heavier.
• Can cost more to repair than a FWD or RWD vehicle.

How to earn money in SimCity?

SimCity:Build It: 

• It is a game developed for mobile game play. It is available for download for iOS and Android. it is a free simulation game in the app store and play store.
• But after playing some time you stuck in game because of less money. In game you can earn money by completing City Achievements,City Hall TAX revenue and by selling items in Trade Depot. But their is also an another way to earn more money by BUYING and SELLING items.
• In game you find a building Global Trade HQ located near trade depot and behind airport, from this building you can buy items other players selling and it gets refresh in every thirty seconds.If you observe carefully every time the price of items is different and this is the point from where you can earn money.
• Every item in simcity has a maximum and minimum selling price for example metal have an average selling price of 7 and the maximum selling price is 10. You can buy metals from global trade hq in average selling price of 7 per item and sell them at maximum selling price of 10 per item at trade depot.

Here is the list of maximum selling price of some items

• Metal-10
• Plastic-25
• Seed-30
• Wood-20
• Mineral-40
• Hammer-90
• Nail-80
• Measuring Tape-110
• Vegetable-160
• Chair-300
• Shovel-150
• Planks-120
• Storage Lock-650
• Storage Camera-650
• Storage Bars-650
• Dozer Wheel-800
• Dozer exhaust-800 etc.

When you find price of items lower then their maximum selling price buy them and sell them at their maximum selling price to earn profit and you can start your own business in SimCity.

Bonus Tip: 

• Upgrade your city storage as much as possible.
• Always buy item which give you more profit per item.
• When visit sellers city after buying item close global trade screen and then look around city to find a gift.Gifts are not seen always.
• Always take gift after buying your stuff because even if your city storage gets fulled you can easily accept gift.